Your Fish Have "Cooties"!
In this article I will attempt to give you a basic understanding of the relationship between your Koi and Goldfish, and the many pathogens or possible pathogens that live on and amongst them. Pathogens like bacteria, parasites and viruses, are a constant threat to the health and well being of your slimy friends if not managed properly. I say “managed” because most of these pathogens inhabit your fish or your pond water at all time. Even fish that have been fully treated with all the types of treatments normally utilized in the industry can still carry a small percentage of these pathogens. It is almost impossible to completely eliminate them from the water or the fish. Some of them live deep within the fish where most treatments cannot touch them, and given the right stressors, can come out from hiding and go to work attacking your fish. It is our job to keep those stress factors to a minimum at least. Understand as well that some of these critters that can hurt our fish are actually needed on the fish and in the water at times, and they are a natural part of the eco system there. It is only when they get out of hand or become overpopulated that they usually hurt the fish. You should also realize that what I am about to write might sound a little overwhelming or even discouraging, and will falsely attempt to make you paranoid and keep you from truly enjoying your fish and your pond. You must learn how to keep all this in perspective and realize that it is your duty to learn as much about fish health and disease as possible, but at the same time not let it be all consuming. I have had some customers over the years that once they learn about these pathogens they become obsessed with them. They watch over their ponds and fish to a degree that all they do is worry and look for problems and /or symptoms. There is no way that that can be enjoyable and relaxing as this hobby is intended to be. So, keep this in mind and don’t become one of those paranoid hobbyists that forget to enjoy their pond and fish.
Understand now that some of which I have written would be considered “ultimate” fish keeping! Not everyone can or will do all of these things. Well, that’s fine, and perfectly understandable. There is this “ultimate” fish keeping, and there is a combination of that, and your reality. There are some basic and absolute requirements of fish husbandry that we all need to address and understand, and then there is what I call “bubble boy” fish husbandry. What I mean by this is that most times it is virtually impossible in your real world to protect your fish 100%, from all the possible pathogens living on the fish and in the water. That is…. unless we kept them in a totally protected biosecure “bubble” so to speak. There are many types of costly filters, treatments, and other things we can use to make our ponds practically sterile, but in most cases this is not reality for the average person. We can’t keep the fish in a lab-grade clean room that is 100% protected and isolated, and enjoy them at the same time. However, we can do the research and learn as much as we can to reasonably protect them from these possible attackers. Hopefully what I have written will help you to decide your reality and keep your fish as safe and healthy as reasonably possible. It is up to you to draw your own line as to the degree you wish to take it, but at the same time realizing that you have a responsibility to take care of this living creature to the best of your ability.
Believe me when I say that all that is known about fish health was learned from someone inadvertently killing his or her fish, then digging deeper to determine the actual cause. Prevention and/or the early detection of possible problems are the keys to success. We have all learned the hard way at times, but there is no better teacher then those experiences. Once you have a basic understanding of water quality and its effects on fish, you will have gone a long way in the prevention of any potential health problems. Another key factor in good fish husbandry is the early detection of problems. This is accomplished through the visual interpretation of the fish’s body language. They will always give you some sort of sign of impending ill health. If caught early enough, most problems are easily remedied. Refer to the page entitled “Koi Symptom Diagnosis” for a more complete listing of the signs of poor health. That section gives you a detailed description of how to detect possible problems in the early stages, be it from poor water quality and/or parasites and such by teaching you ways to read the fish’s body language.
The following is basic information about quarantine practices for the common hobbyist. Professional or industrial-scale quarantine will be discussed later.
The Immune System
As mentioned above, it is important for you to understand that ALL fish can carry parasites and possibly even latent, low level bacterial and viral infections. They can and will act as transmitters and possibly contaminate each other, but may not acquire the problem themselves. Whether or not a fish becomes ill or dies because of it is directly related to things such as stress factors, the integrity of the individual immune system, water quality, genetics, nutrition, age, environmental factors, etc. If a fish carries only low levels of pathogens, it is possible that they will build immunities to that particular disease or pathogen, and never show any symptoms or become ill because of them.
As an example of acquiring immunity to disease, when we as children receive immunizations for things such as chicken pox, we are actually receiving minute doses of the disease. In this manner our immune system can create antibodies over time and keep the attacking virus at bay due to its low levels. If we were to get the disease, it is rare to get it again because our bodies have learned what antibodies are required and attack the virus as soon as it attempts to become active again. However, in the actual case of chicken pox, in reality we can get the disease again later in life in the form of shingles. The right set of stress factors can cause this second outbreak to occur. If this were to happen, we can again become carriers and spread it to others during this second outbreak. These immunities and antibodies stay with most of us for most of our lives, however, and getting shingles is only slightly possible.
Another example of our immune systems at work would be the fact that most people come into contact with cold viruses on a daily basis, but most of us do not constantly have or acquire colds that frequently. This is primarily due to the fact that our individual immune systems produce antibodies to keep the virus at bay. It is only when our immune system is impaired due to some stress factor and/or set of circumstances that the cold virus can overcome us in our weakened state. The same biological concept holds true with fish.
Also the immune system in Koi and goldfish is very water temperature related. The optimum water temperature range to house Koi or goldfish is from 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit. At these temperatures the immune system is working at its peak performance. This is why in many cases the occurrences of sick fish happens in colder water temperatures when the fishes immune system is in a weakened state. It can also happen with rapidly changing water temps, and especially from warm to colder.
The immune system of fish begins with the layers of skin and scales which act as physical barriers to stop or detour any potential invaders from penetrating into the organs or bloodstream. This is why it is vital to quickly address any physical breaks in this skin due to injury. Also, fish have an outer coating of slime which plays a major role in protecting the fish from disease. This slime coat houses some very important immune related bactericides and fungicides which are constantly attacking any potential invaders. For this reason it is very important to avoid degrading this slime layer. Poor netting or handing of the fish, as well as poor water quality are the top culprits of disturbing this delicate layer. Never handle fish with dry hands or dry nets, as this will remove the slime very easily. If you must handle the fish, make sure your hands and nets are wet. Much less of the coating will be damaged this way. Try to use a netting material that is made from a soft, non-abrasive material as well.
As stated, poor water quality is usually the biggest factor to the detriment of the slime coat. Things such as low pH (below 7 ppm), or any amounts of ammonia and nitrite are just a few considerations. I CANNOT STRESS ENOUGH THAT MAINTAINING GOOD WATER QUALITY IS THE HEART AND SOUL OF FISH HEALTH. If you haven’t already, please read the article entitled “The Science of Water” for more details.
Viruses
Currently, throughout the world, there have been outbreaks of some very serious viruses. Most of these are temperature oriented and only show outward signs in specific temperature ranges. The two most serious are KHV (Koi Herpes Virus) and SVC (Spring Viremia of Carp). These can be deadly to Koi and can cause up to a 100% mortality rate in the fish population of the infected system. To date there is no cure for these two viral infections, but losses can be reduced by changing the water temperature to a range above the tolerance level of either virus, and treating any secondary pathogens that may show up as a result. However, I do not condone this action as these fish would then be carriers that could infect other naïve fish. It is my opinion that any fish struck with either of these viruses be euthanized to eliminate the risk of further spreading of it.
As stated, these virus outbreaks tend to be very water temperature dependent in most but not all cases. SVC usually shows itself in the spring at water temperatures between 50 and 68 degrees F. KHV usually shows itself in the spring or fall in water temperatures in the 70’s and especially from 72 to 78 degrees F. Both KHV and SVC are highly contagious and should be officially diagnosed by a qualified lab. We will discuss these viruses in more detail in future articles, as they are currently (2009), a very serious threat to our Koi. This is also the reason you need to be very careful where you buy your fish from. There are many comprehensive and strict quarantine protocols that must be done by the retailer/dealer/breeder prior to any fish being sold to the public. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of these commercial operations have these protocols in place. For these reasons as well, you should absolutely avoid getting any fish from ANY of the large chain- type superstores or pet stores, as NONE of those places do what is required. Wherever you do end up getting your fish, find out first what they do to help assure you get healthy, disease-free fish.
Several factors such as water quality, temperature, fish stocking levels, and slime coat integrity will affect a fish’s ability to ward off disease and parasites.
Parasites
As previously discussed, all bodies of water have naturally occurring parasites/pathogens, which will eventually end up in and on the fish that live there. As a matter of fact, the life cycle of many of these parasites relies on utilizing the fish as a host in order to survive and reproduce. This means in many cases of these bugs most of them live right on the fish! Most of these parasites are microscopic and not visible to the human eye, although some parasites such as fish lice (Argulus) and anchor worms (Lernea) are visible. We will address most of these parasites, both visible and non-visible, at a later date, but some other common microscopic types include Trichodina, Costia, Chilodonella, Gill Flukes, Body Flukes, Eye Flukes, Ich, Oodinium and many more which are less common.
When a fish is born in a given body of water, its immune system and slime coat immediately go to work on attacking and controlling the particular parasites and pathogens that live in that particular body of water. Even before they were born their parents have passed down certain immunities already. It is important as well to understand that not all waters are alike in their population or type of pathogens. So, let’s say a particular fish is born into or came from a body of water whose prevalent parasitic residents are primarily Trichodina and Costia. As long as the population of these parasites is not overwhelming, with good water quality that fish will more than likely be able to keep the numbers at an acceptable and manageable level with no ill effects.
A good example to help you better understand the relationship between the fish and these parasites would be to look at the water we drink. More specifically we will discuss our unchlorinated water like from wells and such., as the city/tap water is usually treated for these types of pathogens. Say you were born and raised in the United States and decided to travel to another country, for example, Mexico. What is the number one rule? DON’T DRINK THE WATER! Why? Because your body is accustomed to the parasites and bacteria that inhabit your well water at home and over the years you have built up certain tolerances to these otherwise potentially nasty bugs. When you travel to foreign lands, the untreated well water there has different parameters of these pathogens as well as possibly new ones that your body has never come across. When you ingest these new pathogens, you get sick! It is not so much that the water is “bad”, but more the presence of these “foreign” parasites and bacteria, which your body can’t yet tolerate or manage. If you stayed in that county for fair amount of time and drank small quantities of that water on a regular basis, you would eventually build the needed tolerances and be able to drink it with no ill effects. That is why the locals don’t get sick.
Now, fish react the same way. If you introduce new parasites into the water by the introduction of new fish or even plants and other aquatic critters, there is a good chance that your fish could become ill or die. Yes, I said plants. They too can carry these pathogens, and if not properly treated prior to their introduction into your pond, they could cause your fish problems. The introduction of turtles, snails, and virtually any aquatic life form can have the same effect. This is also why it is very important to quarantine and possibly treat, if needed, all new fish and plants before introducing them to the pond. I will address proper quarantine protocol in detail in the article entitled “ Koi Treatments & Quarantine Procedures”.
Flukes (left) and trichodina (right) are some of the more common parasites affecting Koi
Diversification
Now that I have frightened you, let’s stop here a second and discuss this life form diversification in ponds. I personally like and advocate diversification in my ponds. After all, who really wants to have just fish? I feel plants as well as certain other aquatic creatures add to my enjoyment as well as to the natural cycles, and therefore I want it all. However, I will take the extra precautions needed to assure the health of the fish as much as possible. Let me warn you now though, there are people who whole-heartedly disagree with this mentality of having other critters, and for good reason.
There is no doubt that with any aquatic life form you add to your pond, you are also increasing the risk of contamination and the introduction of foreign parasites and disease. It is totally up to you to weigh the added risks as compared to the added enjoyment you will receive. The amount of added risk totally depends on your knowledge of each new species and the possible preventative treatments that may be required before their addition to the pond. The more diversification you want, the more knowledge you must have. Also in direct correlation with the amount of risk these additions may bring with them are many other variables such as overcrowding, environmental issues, water quality, weather, and many more factors too numerous to mention that can increase the likelyhood of contamination.
Let me also state that if I owned the very expensive, show grade Koi, which cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars each, I would not recommend the addition of anything! This includes plants, rocks or any other aquatic life form! The risk is too great due to the expense of those fish. Let me also add that I would house these fish in a separate pond solely designed and maintained for these high dollar beauties. As you can guess, these ponds would be high dollar as well in many cases. Not all of us can afford these things, and this is why there are varied levels of fish keeping techniques.
Stress and Health
Stress for fish comes in many forms, and next to poor water quality, stress is the number one contributing factor when it comes to fish sickness and disease. As mentioned earlier, water quality degradation, overcrowding, sudden water temperature fluctuations, sudden pH fluctuations, abrupt weather changes, predation attempts, transporting of new fish, handling, nutritional deficiencies, and any sudden changes in the chemical makeup of the water, are just some of the contributing stressors which can affect the health of your fish.
When a fish is stressed due to one of these factors, there are actual chemical reactions in its body which release substances such as adrenalin and cortisol which can directly and indirectly inhibit the fish’s immune system responsiveness. In nature, a fish’s environment is fairly stable as compared to our small ponds or aquariums; therefore, there are far fewer stress-related problems. We need to constantly strive to eliminate any of the above-mentioned stressors and keep our small bodies of water as stable as possible. The smaller the system, the harder this is to do.
As stated earlier, even a fish that has been treated recently and completely for all the common pathogens, the stress of shipping and a new environment can open the door for the pathogens that are remaining on the fish. If you throw in poor water quality or housing the new fish with existing fish, well… that is just a bomb waiting to go off! This is why it is so critical to quarantine all new fish, prior to their release into their permanent home. As mention previously, we will discuss proper quarantine in the article entitled “Treatments and Quarantine Procedures”.
Adding Plants
With the above in mind, it is very important that in the case of adding plants that they be treated prior to their introduction into the pond. There are many commercial treatments which can accomplish this, but I prefer to use potassium permanganate or 37% Formalin. In the case of Formalin, which is more readily available, simply put the plants in a container of water and add the appropriate amount of Formalin (3cc per every ten gallons of water) and leave them in this solution from 3-5 hours. They now should be pathogen free and can be introduced into the pond. DO NOT ADD THE WATER THEY WHERE SOAKING IN TO THE POND. DISCARD IT IN AN APPROPRIATE WASTE DRAIN.
Quarantining New Fish
As you should be aware by now, it is very important to quarantine all new fish before adding them to the general population of your pond or aquarium. Basically reiterated from above, the fish currently living in your pond, as well as the pond water itself, potentially house a certain type and quantity of parasite and or bacterial strains. Your existing fish’s immune system is capable of keeping these under control due to the tolerances acquired over time. When you add new fish without quarantining, you could be introducing new pathogens, which your existing fish haven’t built immunities to. This could cause health problems for your existing fish. At the same time, the new fish could not be prepared for the pathogens currently living in your pond and on your existing fish, and they too could become sick and possibly die.
I recommend quarantining all new arrivals, but if for whatever reason you choose not , then it is a vital for you to purchase ALL your fish from the same reputable source. Make sure you ask them if they quarantine the fish, for how long, and what types of treatments are utilized. Also ask if they use a microscope to identify any parasites BEFORE and AFTER quarantine. If they do not utilize a microscope, then they too are taking risks of the quarantine treatments not being effective for a multitude of reasons, and I would not purchase fish from them. The only proof of successful quarantine is the use of a microscope, and this is only referring to parasites. Most places do not have the labs needed to culture bacteria or viral strains, so these are still a potential risk. Here at the farm we periodically send fish out for random testing.
With that said I will also say that 99% of our customers DO NOT quarantine new fish they purchase from us. Many simply do not have the proper setup to do this. In all our years in business there have been only a few issues to arise from this fact. This is because of what we do to assure you get the healthiest and strongest fish available. Before any fish goes up for sale here they are fully treated and verified healthy with microscopy. On top of that we teach folks how to properly care for their ponds and existing fish, so then their fish are healthier and have far fewer parasites. So it all seems to allow for the lack of quarantine taking place out there.
The above paragraph is assuming you at some point are buying ALL of your fish from one breeder! I say breeder as opposed to dealer so take note. For example many places that sell imported fish from Japan and other places are getting these fish from MULTIPLE BREEDERS> Then they are shipped to the USA as a group and all mixed together in the same place and even systems. With this scenario they are selling fish from the same retail systems that are from many different breeders! THIS IS NOT A GOOD THING AND IS VERY DANGEROUS! Think about it. They have all these fish mixed together from various breeders that have varied types of pathogens. On top of this viruses like KHV are still very rampant in these foreign countries. So now you are adding the risk of bringing in carrier fish that can carry these viruses without getting ill themselves. You can read more detail about KHV elsewhere on this website.
These facts are the primary reason I hesitate to ever get new fish from Japan. Understand we here at HKF have the proper knowledge and facilities to isolate any potential carriers, but still there is risk. So your risk really increases for bringing in big problems when you purchase fish from a retailer that gets their fish from many breeders! This is the case with most places that sell imported fish! If you choose to do this that is fine but you better have the proper knowledge and facility to quarantine these fish for up to a year! This is the whole reason we are a “closed ” farm and get no fish from outside sources, and haven’t for years!
Proper Acclimation
To assure the health of your new fish, it is vital to properly acclimate them to the body of water in which you are releasing them. The most important element of acclimation is temperature compatibility between the water they are shipped in and the water they are released in. If the fish have been in the bags for less than four hours, follow the steps outlined in Temperature Acclimation. If they have been in the bags for more than four hours and appear distressed in any way, AND THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE IS LESS THAN TEN DEGREES between the bags and the tank or pond, you could consider releasing them immediately. If they do not appear distressed, or the temperature difference is greater than ten degrees, then follow the temperature acclimation procedures below. It is critical for you to have checked the water quality in the tank or pond PRIOR to releasing them. Especially check the pH, temperature, ammonia, and nitrite. The pH should be between 7 and 9, and you should have ZERO ammonia or nitrite.
Temperature Acclimation
If the fish appear to be OK in the bags upon arrival home, promptly float the shipping bag, with the fish inside, in the pond or aquarium. Your goal here is to get the temperature in the bag exactly the same as in the pond or aquarium. This will take anywhere from 15 minutes to one-half hour, depending on the temperature difference between the two. If you are putting the fish outdoors, make sure you do not float them in direct sunlight. Put something over the floating bag to shade the fish. Once you are sure the temperature in the bag is exactly the same as the pond or aquarium, or at minimum with five degrees, you should pour the fish into an appropriate container. Once in that container, use a net or likewise to release them to your tank or pond. I prefer to use my hands, but that can be difficult for the inexperienced hobbyists. NEVER PUT THE SHIPPING WATER INTO YOUR TANK OR POND.
Chemical Acclimation
In the past, myself, as well as most of the industry recommended that you gradually mix pond or tank water to the shipping bag to chemically acclimate the fish to the new water. After some research, as well as my own experiments, it is no longer suggested to mix pond or tank water to the shipping bags for any reason.
In you recall from previous articles on water quality, ammonia becomes more toxic as the pH rises above seven. Well, when a fish is in the shipping bags, especially for more than four hours, carbon dioxide builds up as a byproduct of their respiration. This carbon dioxide when mixed in the water changes to carbonic acid, thus lowering the pH. Also, ammonia is rapidly rising due to the respiration, but it is not as toxic or harmful to the fish due to the lowered pH. The pH in shipping bags can commonly drop to five or six because of this reaction, so even though the ammonia can exceed ten ppm, it is not very harmful to the fish because it is in the form of ammonium at these pH levels. You must realize, however, that fish cannot be housed permanently in these low pH levels. It is the worse of two evils though.
Now, as soon as you open the bag, you are releasing the carbon dioxide from the bag; therefore, the pH will rise very quickly. When the pH rises, the ammonia in the bag becomes instantly more toxic. The same holds true if you add pond or tank water to the bag. If the pH of your tank or pond is where it should be, (7 to 8.5) then by adding this water to the bag you are also quickly raising the pH, thus causing the ammonia to become toxic. If the fish are then left in the bag for a longer time, the ammonia can harm them. Therefore, do not add pond or tank water to the shipping bag. When opened, simply release the fish to their new home, but do not dump the water from the bag into the pond or tank.
To summarize, if the fish have been in the bags for less than four hours, float the bag to get the temperature to within five degrees of your tank or pond. Then release them without dumping the bag water in the tank or pond. If they have been in the bag for four hours or more and appear distressed, and the temperature in the bag is less than ten degrees different, it is better to release them as soon as possible rather than leave them in the deteriorated bag water. If the temperature difference is more than ten degrees, float them only enough time to get it to within ten degrees, and release them.
Other Hints and Suggestions
- ALL NEW FISH SHOULD BE QUARANTINED IN A SEPARATE FACILITY FOR A PERIOD OF THREE TO
SEVEN WEEKS BEFORE INTRODUCTION TO YOUR POND OR AQUARIUM. You can read the details for a proper Qt in the article “Koi Treatments & Qt Procedures” if you haven’t already. - Once you pick up your fish, transporting them for more than an hour in hot weather may require you to keep them cool. Your goal is not really to cool the water, but to keep it from getting hotter. The hotter water gets, the less oxygen it can hold. So for this reason you may need to utilize ice, but not in direct contact with the water in the bag. If needed, put it near the bag to cool the surrounding area, but not directly against the water.
- WARNING: Koi are known for jumping out of new, unfamiliar waters the first 24 hours or so after release, so it is best to cover your pond or aquarium during this time. A secondary method would be to float something such as Styrofoam on the surface to give them a feeling of security as well as to detour any jumping.
Written by John Fornaro, Hanover Koi Farms. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY HANOVER KOI FARMS, COPYRIGHT © 2017